NAIJ.COMNigerian troops successfully raids dreaded forest in ZamfaraNAIJ.COMTroops of 1 Brigade, 1 Division Nigerian army under the Operation Sharan Daji have successfully raided a dreaded forest in Zamfara state where armed bandits had made their dens...

SaharaReporters.comInspector General Of Police Orders Immediate Removal Of Checkpoints NationwideSaharaReporters.comThe Inspector General of Police (IGP) Mr. Ibrahim K. Idris, has ordered the immediate removal of all roadblocks across the country. This...

VanguardBreaking: Gov. Lalong loses younger brotherVanguardGov. Simon Lalong of Plateau on Tuesday lost his younger brother, Mr Wummen Bako, a family member has confirmed. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said that Bako, a lecturer at t...

VanguardJust in: Court dismisses Fani-Kayode's application for case transferVanguardA Federal High Court in Lagos on Tuesday, dismissed an application by a former Minister of Aviation, Femi Fani-kayode, seeking transfer of a money laundering case a...

VanguardNASS cannot be intimidated into abandoning role – DogaraVanguardThe National Assembly says it cannot be intimidated into abandoning its duty of providing platform for Nigerians to agree or disagree on any proposed legislative measure. Speaker...

SaharaReporters.comSokoto Commissioner Loses Appeal Against EFCCSaharaReporters.comThe appellant in two separate appeals had urged the court to set aside the ruling of the lower court which admitted some documents presented by the EFCC but the appeal c...

NAIJ.COMWe recommended rotational, single 6-year term in 1995 - Atiku speaks on restructuringNAIJ.COMA former vice president of Nigeria Atiku Abubakar has said that the current Nigerian structure is not working. The former vice president in a renewed c...

Daily Post NigeriaFashola denies boasting to fix Nigeria's power problems in 6 monthsDaily Post NigeriaMinister of Power, Works and Housing, Mr. Babatunde Fashola, Monday denied boasting that he could fix challenges in Nigeria's power sector in...

Vanguard'Why ACPN'll unseat APGA'VanguardAllied Congress Party of Nigeria, ACPN has vowed to unseat the incumbent, APGA government accusing it of performing below the expectation of the people of the state. APGA Logo. Standard bearer of ACP...

NAIJ.COMIPOB: MACBAN frowns at Saraki's statement, calls for probeNAIJ.COMFulani herdsmen under the aegis of MACBAN, has urged the federal government to commence probe into the activities of the Senate president, Bukola Saraki, to ascertain if he w...

THISDAY NewspapersAdamawa lawmakers impeach principal officers, Speaker survivesThe PunchThe Speaker of Adamawa State House of Assembly, Kabiru Mijinyawa, representing Yola South, on Monday escaped impeachment but his deputy, Sunday Peter and three oth...

AmoréNigeria: You're the Rogue Elephant, APC Fires Back At SagayAllAfrica.comThe All Progressives Congress (APC) Monday rebuked the Chairman of the Presidential Advisory Committee on Anti-corruption (PACAC), Professor Itse Sagay (SAN), describing ...

Guardian (blog)Government invested N100b to reconstruct 25 arterial roads, says FasholaGuardian (blog)The Federal Government says it has invested N100 billion in Sukuk bond for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of roads nationwide. Minister of Powe...

VanguardHow Nnewi became the political brideVanguardTHE industrial town of Nnewi has suddenly become a political pride as the major political parties contesting the November 18 governorship went to the town to shop for running mates. Mr. Oseloka Obaze ...

VanguardTell Anambrarians how you spent N75bn I left behind, Obi tells ObianoVanguardFormer Governor of Anambra State, Mr. Peter Obi has advised his successor, Chief Willie Obiano to focus on telling the people of Anambra State what he has done for the...

Leadership NewspapersCJN Moves Against Nepotism, Tribalism In JudiciaryLeadership NewspapersThe Chief Justice of Nigeria, Justice Walter Onnoghen, has warned that the judiciary would not tolerate any act of nepotism, tribalism, and favouritism from cou...

Leadership NewspapersOlubadan, Ex-Oyo SSG, Journalists Cheat Death, As Gunmen Attack PalaceLeadership NewspapersThere was pandemonium in Ibadan, Oyo State capital, yesterday, when suspected assassins who were heavily armed stormed the palace of Olubada...

Leadership NewspapersBurning Issues Before Senate As NASS Resumes TodayLeadership NewspapersDespite the shift in earlier scheduled date of resumption, the Senate will today, resume from its six weeks annual recess. SOLOMON AYADO writes on the issues wh...

Nigeria TodayObi is our coach, he is good — ObazeNigeria TodayPDP candidate, Oseloka Obaze, has dismissed insinuations that the immediate past governor of the state Mr. Peter Obi, is trying to foist him on the state, saying that the former governor i...

CHANNELS TELEVISIONPirates kill 2 in BayelsaVanguardYENAGOA—TWO persons were reportedly killed yesterday, when armed men, suspected to be pirates, attacked a passenger boat along the Okoroma axis of the Nembe/Brass waterways in Bayelsa East senatoria...

The Nation NewspaperObaseki to contractors: Complete Edo Central road projects by dry seasonVanguardBENIN—GOVERNOR Godwin Obaseki of Edo State has ordered contractors handling road projects in Edo Central senatorial district of the sate to ensure tha...

The PunchEkiti 2018: 'Adoption of Olusola's of no consequence'The Nation NewspaperSupporters of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) National Caretaker Committee Publicity Secretary and a governorship aspirant in Ekiti State, Prince Dayo Adey...

NAIJ.COMTroops arrest 2 illegal arms dealers, armed bandit with ammunition in ZamfaraNAIJ.COMTroops of 1 Division of the Nigerian army and operatives of the Department of State Service (DSS) on Sunday, September 24, arrested two suspected illegal arms ...

VanguardBreaking: IGP orders dismantling of road blocks nationwideVanguardABUJA – THE Inspector General of Police,Ibrahim Idris, has ordered his men to immediately remove all roadblocks on highways nationwide. Ibrahim Idris, IGP. But the police boss ...

NAIJ.COMPresident Buhari returns from London as promised by Femi AdesinaNAIJ.COMPresident Muhammadu Buhari has finally returned to the country from London where he had travelled to after taking part in the United Nations General Assembly for 2017. The ...

The PunchFG to spend N100bn Sukuk bond on 25 road projectsThe PunchThe Federal Government on Monday said it would spend the N100bn to be raised from the issuance of the Sukuk Bond for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of 25 arterial roads. The Mini...

The StreetjournalHow Gunmen Slaughtered 3 Policemen in Edo After Buying Them Drinks as FG Condemns KillingThe StreetjournalA staff of the Ogba Zoological Garden and Natural Park in Benin, Edo State, Helen Juchei, has related how three policemen were sl...

Daily TrustMarkets, shops shut as Lagos Chief Imam is buried amidst mammoth crowdDaily TrustThe remains of Chief Imam of Lagos State, Sheikh Garuba Akinola Ibrahim (Gana V), who died on Sunday evening have been laid to rest after prayers led by Chief M...

Naija247newsChibok Boy, Ali Ahmad Walks Again After Corrective Surgery in DubaiNaija247newsA six-year-old victim of the Boko Haram insurgency, Ali Ahmadu, has survived corrective surgery in Dubai after being in the Intensive Care Unit for 48 hours. Cha...

Daily Post NigeriaBiafra: Arewa group condemns Northern governors over visit to RiversDaily Post NigeriaThe National Coordinator of AIPCSN, Alhaji Musa Saidu, berated governors over refusal to commiserate with the victims, noting that the victims of th...

NAIJ.COMBREAKING: After pleading guilty, illegal importers of 661 pump-action rifles opt for plea bargainNAIJ.COMTwo out of the five men being prosecuted by the federal government for unlawful importation of 661 pump-action rifles into the country have...

NAIJ.COMOctober 1: Nigeria is sick and confused at 57 - Anglican ArchbishopNAIJ.COM... - Dr. Olusina Fape, the Archbishop of Lagos Ecclesiastical Province, Anglican Communion, has described Nigeria as a sick and confused country, as it approaches its 5...

Daily Post NigeriaBiafra: IPOB, Nnamdi Kanu are terrorists – Presidency replies EU, USDaily Post NigeriaThe Presidency has insisted that the Indigenous People of Biafra, IPOB, under the leadership of Nnamdi Kanu remains a terrorist organization despi...

NAIJ.COM4 days after donating 200 armoured vehicles, Jordan sends top military chief to Nigeria (photos)NAIJ.COM... - The commander of the Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF), Maj.-Gen. Yousef Al-Hnaity has arrived Nigeria. - He arrived Nigeria four days ...

VanguardNigeria at 57 is sick, confused – clericVanguardABEOKUTA – As Nigeria marks 57th anniversary of its independence, Archbishop of Lagos Ecclesiastical Province (Anglican Communion), Dr Olusina Fape says Nigeria at 57 is sick and confused beca...

VanguardIPOB/HAUSA CLASH: Arewa group condemns five northern Govs. to visit to RiversVanguardPORT HARCOURT – The Arewa Initiative for Peaceful Coexistence in Southern Nigeria, AIPCSN, has condemned the five Northern governors who visited the Governor...

VanguardIPOB/HAUSA CLASH: Arewa group condemns five northern Govs. to visit to RiversVanguardPORT HARCOURT – The Arewa Initiative for Peaceful Coexistence in Southern Nigeria, AIPCSN, has condemned the five Northern governors who visited the Governor...

NAIJ.COMWe spent N50m taking care of Benue flood victims - Governor OrtomNAIJ.COMThe recent flooding in Benue state has led to increase in the number of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in the state. According to the state governor, Samuel Ortom, th...

VanguardIPOB agitation for secession, misplaced priorities – DonVanguardILORIN – Director, Centre for Peace and Strategic Studies (CPSS), University of Ilorin, Dr. Mahfouz Adedimeji, has said that the agitation for secession by members of the prosc...

Daily Post NigeriaHow Rep member, Jibrin intends to promote Islam with NGO bill – Catholic groupsDaily Post NigeriaCatholic Church groups have claimed that the Deputy Majority leader of the House of Representatives, Umar Jibrin is trying to promote I...

VanguardHate speech: Why Buhari can't gag Nigerians on social media – Ex-NBA PresidentVanguardABUJA – Former National President of Nigerian Bar Association, NBA, Mr. Joseph Daudu, SAN, has adduced reasons he said the President Muhammadu Buhari-...

VanguardUniversity of Ilorin 'has become a terrorist organisation' – ASUUVanguardThe Academic Staff Union of Universities, ASUU, has said the University of Ilorin 'has become a terrorist organisation as far as industrial relation is conce...

VanguardUniversity of Ilorin 'has become a terrorist organisation' – ASUUVanguardThe Academic Staff Union of Universities, ASUU, has said the University of Ilorin 'has become a terrorist organisation as far as industrial relation is conce...

The PunchPDP chair: George, Adeniran, OGD reject consensus candidateThe PunchThe race for the chairmanship of the Peoples Democratic Party is set to hot up this week as aspirants are expected to fully begin their campaigns. Investigations by our corres...

Daily Post NigeriaHow Alison-Madueke's lawyer blocked us from interrogating her in UK – EFCCDaily Post NigeriaThe Economic and Financial Crimes Commission has claimed its investigative team has been blocked from meeting with the immediate past Mi...

Daily Post NigeriaBiafra: Fulani herdsmen call for probe of Saraki's statement on IPOBDaily Post NigeriaFulani herdsmen under the aegis of Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association of Nigeria (MACBAN), has urged the government to urgently begin a p...

Leadership NewspapersEkiti Guber: Adeyeye Petitions Makarfi, BoT, Others Over FayoseLeadership NewspapersThe crisis rocking the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ekiti State, ahead of its governorship election next year, has escalated following a petit...

The PunchN30bn debt hinders completion of East-West Road –FGThe PunchThe Minister of Niger Delta Affairs, Mr. Uguru Usani, has expressed doubt over the completion of the East-West Road by 2019, saying a huge debt of N30bn has already been incurred on...

The PunchUnilorin, a terrorist organisation, says ASUUThe PunchThe Academic Staff Union of Universities has described the University of Ilorin as a terrorist organisation after the institution reportedly sacked the ASUU chairman in the school, Dr. Kayo...

The Nation NewspaperSukuk: Labelling CAN Islamophobic is untenable, mischievous, NCEF replies NSCIAVanguardABUJA—The National Christian Elders Forum, NCEF, yesterday, described the allegation by the Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, NSCIA...

VanguardIslamic cleric lauds Ambode's style of governanceVanguardThe Chief Missioner of Al-Wahabu Mosque, Ota, Ogun State, Sheikh Ibraheem Akinola has described the All Progressives Congress, APC, government in Lagos State under leadership of Gover...

VanguardJOHESU strike paralyses servicesVanguardPatients continue to bear full brunt of the health workers' strike called by the Joint Health Sector Unions, JOHESU, as essential services remain grounded in federal hospitals across the nation, even ...

VanguardN400M: Metuh warns against media trialVanguardAbuja—Erstwhile National Publicity Secretary of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Chief Olisa Metuh, has urged Nigerians to avoid subjecting his issues with the Economic and Financial Crimes Comm...

The PunchNigerians tasked on building standard adherenceDaily TrustThe President of Building Collapse Prevention Guild (BCPG) Kunle Awobodu says it is a waste of time trying to fight building collapse syndrome in a society where many citizens are not l...

The PunchBoko Haram: Chibok boy walks again after 6-hour surgery in DubaiVanguardA child victim of Boko Haram insurgency, Ali Ahmadu has successfully undergone spinal cord surgery in Dubai ending his three years on wheelchair. Ali, who was flown out of...

The PunchAregbesola's performance and armchair criticsVanguardEVERYTHING has got its own time and season. The season of politics in the State of Osun is here. Contestants are warming up. New alignments are being forged. In other places, old ones ar...

THISDAY NewspapersGovernors, minister for Adegbenro lectureThe Nation NewspaperTop government officials and key players in the private sector will gather on Wednesday in Ibadan, the Oyo State ca-pital, for the third annual programme of Dauda Adegbenro ...

NAIJ.COMInadequate power is the major obstacle to Nigeria's economic development - OsinbajoNAIJ.COMVice President Yemi Osinbajo has said that the problem of irregular power supply in Nigeria is caused by inaccurate billing system resulting from ins...

VanguardAmbode mourns as Akinola, Chief Imam of Lagos dies at 80VanguardLagos State Governor, Mr. Akinwunmi Ambode on Sunday expressed sadness over the death of the highly revered Chief Imam of Lagos, Sheikh Garuba Ibrahim Akinola. Late Garuba Ibrahim ...

SundiataPostBiafra: What Buhari should do to IPOB, MASSOB, others – Islamic leadersDaily Post NigeriaSome Islamic leaders have urged the President Muhammadu Buhari's government to clampdown on members of Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) and the...

TheCableTroops, NDLEA recover arms from 'drug baron' in AbiaTheCableTroops of sector 1, sub-sector 4 and operatives of the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) have recovered arms from the home of one Maxi Ota Benjamin, a suspected drug...

VanguardLooming Operation Crocodile Smile II unnerves N'DeltaVanguardAs tension rose over the possibility of the Reformed Niger Delta Avengers, RNDA, and a coalition of nine militant groups restarting the bombing of oil installations in the Niger D...

VanguardLASEMA assures residents of quick response to emergency in ApapaVanguardThe Lagos State Emergency Management Agency (LASEMA) has assured residents that it is exploring various ways at ensuring quick and adequate response to emergency in Apapa. ...

The PunchAnambra : Ohanaeze tasks INEC on credible pollThe PunchThe Anambra State Chapter of the Ohanaeze Ndigbo has asked the Independent National Electoral Commission to rekindle people's hope and belief in the country's electoral system by c...

CHANNELS TELEVISIONCorruption trial: Group lauds CJN over special courtsVanguardThe Advanced People's Democratic Alliance (APDA) has commended the Chief Justice of Nigeria (CJN) Justice Walter Onnoghen, on his order that special courts be establish...

Daily Post NigeriaWhat IG of Police told new recruitsDaily Post NigeriaInspector General of Police, Ibrahim Idris at the weekend, told newly recruited police constables that they would be posted to their states of origin. Idris also disclosed that they...

Vanguard2019: PDP youths charge NCC, Kashamu, Ubah to close ranksVanguardABUJA- The Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) Concerned Youths' Forum yesterday tasked the Senator Ahmed Makarfi-led National Caretaker Committee (NCC), Senator Buruji Kashamu ...

VanguardBe professional in discharging your duties, AIB boss tells aircraft pilots, engineersVanguardLagos – Mr Akin Olateru, the Commissioner, Accident Investigation Bureau (AIB), has emphasised the need for members of the National Association of Ai...

VanguardMotorists urge FG to declare emergency on Benin-Auchi-Okene highwayVanguardBenin – Motorists plying the Benin-Auchi-Okene Highway have urged the Federal Government to declare a state of emergency on the busy highway. Some of the motorists sai...

VanguardI was pressurized to make trip that claimed 55 lives, boat driver regretsVanguardPassengers in the boat that capsized in Niger State penultimate Saturday waited for over five hours studying the weather before they embarked on the journey of no ...

NAIJ.COMThose clamouring for division like IPOB are selfish – Bola TinubuNAIJ.COMThe former governor of Lagos state, Bola Ahmed Tinubu, on Saturday, September 23, warned against any attempt to divide Nigeria, saying not every split solves a problem. ...

VanguardIgbo don't deserve what they are demanding from Buhari – IdahosaVanguardHon. Charles Idahosa was Special Adviser to former Governor Adams Oshiomhole of Edo State. He is one man who has seen it all in the politics of the state and currentl...

The PunchGunmen kill two policemen, NSCDC official in BayelsaThe PunchGunmen, suspected to be sea pirates, have murdered two policemen and an operative of the Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps in Bayelsa State. The incident reportedly occurred o...

Daily Post NigeriaTeenager caught having sex with goatDaily Post NigeriaA 15-year-old teenager, Kabiru Idi, has been arrested by men of the Niger State Police Command, for having sex with a goat. Idi, who hails from Gbeganu in Bosso Local Government Ar...

VanguardPeter Obi never handed over N25b to Obiano; he only left him with N200b debt – ObigweVanguardThe national coordinator of APGA Media Warriors Forum,Evang Chinedu Obigwe, Sunday, squashed the statement credited to the former governor, Mr Peter ...

The PunchThose seeking to scrap NGOs are democracy's enemies— GroupVanguardThe Citizens United for the Rehabilitation of Errants, a justice reform and human rights organisation, has urged President Muhammadu Buhari to shun the proposed Non-Govern...

VanguardAdeboye, Pitan, Bamiloye, others for youth conventionThe Nation NewspaperGeneral Overseer of The Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG), his wife, Folu; Director General Bank of Industry, Kayode Pitan; co-founder of Mount Zion Film Production,...

VanguardNnamdi Kanu missed the target – Bishop Mike OkonkwoVanguardBishop Mike Okonkwo of The Redeemed Evangelical Mission, TREM, was born on September 6, 1945 into the family of Pa Okonkwo of Ogbunike in Oyi Local Government Area of Anambra State. H...

The PunchMilitary onslaught has made IPOB stronger — Kanu's brotherThe PunchWhat led to the clash between members of the Indigenous people of Biafra and the soldiers deployed to your community? I don't know the best way to narrate the story. ...

The Nation NewspaperImmigration receives 50000 passport bookletsThe Nation NewspaperThe Nigeria Immigration Service (NIS) has received a consignment of 50,000 passport booklets to address backlog estimated at 33,000 nationwide. Investigation revealed t...

The Nation NewspaperOhanaeze blames Nigeria's enemies for secession clamourThe Nation NewspaperThe Southeast socio-cultural body, Ohaneze Ndigbo, currently on a peace mission to the North, says the current clamour for self-government in the country...

I have no interest in Benue funds – AkumeThe Nation NewspaperFormer Benue State governor and Senator Sen. George Akume, has stated that he has no interest in amassing personal wealth to compete with world class billionaires like Alhaji Aliko Dangote ...

VanguardAmbode to unveil new Awolowo statue TuesdayVanguardLagos State Governor, Mr. Akinwunmi Ambode will on Tuesday September 26, 2017 unveil a new iconic statue of the late sage and nationalist, Chief Obafemi Awolowo. Obafemi Awolowo. The imposing b...

Premium TimesOyo 2019: Re-alignment against APC will fail – SpokespersonPremium TimesThe All Progressives Congress, APC, Oyo State chapter, says the on-going re-alignment of forces by the opposition political players in the state ahead of the 2019 gu...

The PunchOwerri flood renders over 100 persons homelessThe PunchOver 100 persons in Imo State have been rendered homeless following the heavy downpour on Thursday, September 21, 2017 causing some parts of the state to be flooded. A reliable source told...

Premium TimesBiafra: Too late to pull out of Nigeria – Igbo lawmakerPremium TimesThe year was 1965. I was an innocent starry-eyed 13 year-old and Nigeria was in turmoil. It was the era of the “wetie,” when the houses of politicians and key public...

VanguardShettima redeploys 41 permanent secretariesVanguardGov. Kashim Shettima of Borno on Saturday approved the posting and redeployment of 41 permanent secretaries in the state. Alhaji Yerima Sale, the Head of Service, made the announcement in a sta...

VanguardNPA MD charges road contractor to improve performanceVanguardThe Managing Director, Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) Ms Hadiza Usman, has urged AG Dangote, the contractor handling Apapa/Wharf Road to improve on its performance. Usman made the ple...

The PunchWe remitted $1.8bn to NDDC – SPDCThe PunchThe Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria has said it has contributed a total sum of 1.8 billion dollars as parts of its statutory funding to the Niger Delta Development Commission between 2...

TheCableShehu Sani says NO to 'dangerous' NGO bill, vows to fight itTheCableShehu Sani, senator representing Kaduna central, says he is opposed to the bill seeking to regulate non-governmental organisations (NGO). Since the bill's emergence...

CHANNELS TELEVISIONFG Distributes Relief Materials To 40000 IDPs In AdamawaCHANNELS TELEVISIONThe Federal Government has commenced the distribution of assorted food items to over 40,0000 Internally Displaced Person households in the seven liberated Loc...

Daily Post NigeriaWhat God told me one-on-one about Nigeria's breakup – Prophet OmaleDaily Post NigeriaThe General Overseer, Divine Hand of God Prophetic Ministries International, Prophet Emmanuel Omale has allayed fears by some Nigerians over th...

The PunchECOWAS to train 12000 pupils on technical educationThe PunchThe Economic Community of West African States, in partnership with a technology firm, Skill 'G' Nigeria Limited, says it will train no fewer than 12,000 pupils in the sub-regi...

The Nation NewspaperDickson in US, demands support for Buhari on terrorismThe Nation NewspaperThe Bayelsa State Governor, Seriake Dickson, has called on international community to support the recent call by President Muhammadu Buhari for global collabo...

VanguardEdo tops Nigeria's routine immunisation coverage chart – WHOVanguardEdo has been adjudged as the best-performing state in routine immunisation coverage in Nigeria, with no variation between its administrative data and the outcome of the N...

VanguardNigeria sinking, APC support group alerts Buhari, TinubuVanguardTHE All Progressives Congress, APC Rebirth 2019, a support group within the party, has raised the alarm that the country was sinking, warning that the party has only two options be...

NAIJ.COMNigeria is a failure at 57 – Ango AbdullahiNAIJ.COMSpokesman of the Northern Elders Forum (NEF) Ango Abdullahi has described Nigeria as a failure as the country clocks 57 years of independence on October 1. Abdullahi told Daily Sun in an inte...

Premium TimesWhat govt must do to end our strike – NAFDAC workersPremium TimesStaff members of the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) coming out of the Agency's headquarters during a protest welfare packages, in...

Daily TrustPolice arrest peace corps membersDaily TrustThe Lagos State police command on Friday arrested 34 officials of the Peace Corp para-military outfit, an organization it has declared as illegal. The spokesman of the command, Mr. Olarinde Famous-...

Daily Post NigeriaBenue SEMA arrests journalist over report on IDPs protest, demands N3b damagesDaily Post NigeriaThe Benue Police Command has arrested Mr Emmanuel Atswen, a reporter of the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN), over a report on the protest by ...